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<title>Orthogonal array testing</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orthogonal array testing</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Orthogonal array testing</b> is a systematic and <a href="Statistics" title="Statistics">statistically-driven</a> <a href="Black-box_testing" title="Black-box testing">black-box testing</a> technique employed in the field of <a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">software testing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method is particularly valuable in scenarios where the number of inputs to a <a href="Software_system" title="Software system">system</a> is substantial enough to make exhaustive testing impractical.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>Orthogonal array testing works on the premise of selecting a <a href="Subset" title="Subset">subset</a> of test cases from a large <a href="Pool_(computer_science)" title="Pool (computer science)">pool</a> of potential inputs. This selection is based on statistical methods to ensure that the chosen subset represents the whole input space. As a result, serious <a href="Software_bug" title="Software bug">bugs</a> can be identified while the number of tests necessary to do so is greatly reduced.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits">Benefits</h3></div>

<ul><li><b>Reduced testing cycle time</b>: By strategically selecting test cases, the testing process becomes more efficient, leading to time savings.</li>

<li><b>Simplified analysis</b>: The structured nature of orthogonal array testing makes analysis straightforward and less complex.</li>

<li><b>Balanced test cases</b>: This technique ensures that test cases are well-balanced, making it easier to isolate defects and assess performance.</li>

<li><b>Cost savings</b>: It offers a significant cost advantage over pair-wise testing, making it an economical choice for testing large-scale software systems.</li></ul>

<ul><li><b>Limited applicability</b>: This technique is most effective when the number of inputs is relatively small. In cases with an extremely large number of inputs, it may not be as efficient.</li>

<li><b>Complex implementation</b>: Properly designing orthogonal arrays requires a good understanding of statistical principles, which may pose a challenge for some testing teams.</li>

<li><b>May miss specific edge cases</b>: While orthogonal arrays are designed to cover a broad range of scenarios, they may not capture very specific edge cases that could be crucial in certain applications.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<ul><li><b><a href="User_interface" title="User interface">User Interface</a> Testing</b>: Orthogonal array testing is employed to evaluate the user interface of software applications. It aids in identifying interface-related anomalies and inconsistencies.</li>

<li><b><a href="System_testing" title="System testing">System Testing</a></b>: It is used to validate the functionality of entire systems, ensuring that they perform as specified in their requirements.</li>

<li><b><a href="Regression_testing" title="Regression testing">Regression Testing</a></b>: Orthogonal array testing is effective in the detection of regressions, ensuring that new updates or modifications do not introduce unintended consequences.</li>

<li><b>Configuration Testing</b>: This technique is valuable in assessing different configurations of software, ensuring compatibility across diverse environments.</li>

<li><b><a href="Software_performance_testing" title="Software performance testing">Performance Testing</a></b>: It can be applied to evaluate the performance characteristics of software systems, helping to identify potential bottlenecks or performance issues.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principle_of_Orthogonality">Principle of Orthogonality</h2></div>

<p>Orthogonal array testing works based on something called <a href="Orthogonal_array" title="Orthogonal array">orthogonal arrays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are organized lists of different factors. When we use them, we make sure that the results we get from each factor are not connected or related. This means each test gives us new and unique information. This way of organizing inputs helps us avoid repeating tests and get the same info with the least number of <a href="Experiment" title="Experiment">experiments</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthogonal_vector">Orthogonal vector</h3></div>

<p>The concept of orthogonal vectors in orthogonal arrays is fundamental to understanding orthogonal array testing. Orthogonal vectors possess key properties:

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<ul><li><b>Unique Information</b>: Each vector imparts information distinct from any other vector in the sequence, thereby avoiding redundancy.</li>

<li><b>Separability</b>: Through linear addition, the signals can be easily separated.</li>

<li><b>Statistical Independence</b>: Each vector is statistically independent of the others, signifying a lack of correlation between them.</li>

<li><b>Resultant Summation</b>: When subjected to linear addition, the resultant is the arithmetic sum of the individual components</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPressman2005" class="citation book cs1">Pressman, Roger S. (2005). <i>Software engineering: a practitioner's approach</i>. McGraw-Hill series in computer science (6th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-07-285318-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPhadkePhadke2014" class="citation book cs1">Phadke, Madhav S.; Phadke, Kedar M. (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rams.2014.6798451">"Utilizing design of experiments to reduce IT system testing cost"</a>. <i>2014 Reliability and Maintainability Symposium</i>. IEEE. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>6. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Frams.2014.6798451">10.1109/rams.2014.6798451</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4799-2848-4</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8081137">8081137</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guru99.com/orthogonal-array-testing.html">"What is Orthogonal Array Testing? (Example)"</a>. <i>www.guru99.com</i>. 2023-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFRao2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rao, Calyampudi Radhakrishna (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.9076">"Orthogonal arrays"</a>. <i>Scholarpedia</i>. <b>4</b> (7): 9076. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SchpJ...4.9076R">2009SchpJ...4.9076R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.9076">10.4249/scholarpedia.9076</a></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDelius2004" class="citation web cs1">Delius, Gustav W (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/tables/orthogonal.htm">"Orthogonal Arrays (Taguchi Designs)"</a>. University of York.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKuhfeld" class="citation web cs1">Kuhfeld, Warren F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.sas.com/techsup/technote/ts723.html">"Orthogonal Arrays"</a>. SAS Institute Inc. <q>SAS provides a catalog of over 117,000 orthogonal arrays.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPhadke" class="citation web cs1">Phadke, Madhav S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051819/https://paportal.phadkeassociates.net/learning.aspx">"Planning Efficient Software Tests"</a>. Phadke Associates, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paportal.phadkeassociates.net/learning.aspx">the original</a> on 2012-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-07</span></span>. <q>Numerous articles on utilizing Orthogonal Arrays for Software and System Testing.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110114080303/http://phadkeassociates.com/index_rdexperttestplanning.htm">"rdExpert Software for Orthogonal Array Testing"</a>. Phadke Associates, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phadkeassociates.com/index_rdexperttestplanning.htm">the original</a> on 2011-01-14. <q>Commercial toolset for Orthogonal Array Testing.</q></cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Software_testing107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Test levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acceptance_testing" title="Acceptance testing">Acceptance testing</a></li>

<li><a href="System_integration_testing" title="System integration testing">System integration testing</a></li>

<li><a href="System_testing" title="System testing">System testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Integration_testing" title="Integration testing">Integration testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">Unit testing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Test types,<br>techniques,<br><a href="Software_testing_tactics" title="Software testing tactics">tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="A/B_testing" title="A/B testing">A/B testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Benchmark_(computing)" title="Benchmark (computing)">Benchmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Compatibility_testing" title="Compatibility testing">Compatibility testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Concolic_testing" title="Concolic testing">Concolic testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrent_testing" title="Concurrent testing">Concurrent testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Conformance_testing" title="Conformance testing">Conformance testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuous_testing" title="Continuous testing">Continuous testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Destructive_testing" title="Destructive testing">Destructive testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Development_testing" title="Development testing">Development testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Differential_testing" title="Differential testing">Differential testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_program_analysis" title="Dynamic program analysis">Dynamic program analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Installation_testing" title="Installation testing">Installation testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Negative_testing" title="Negative testing">Negative testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Random_testing" title="Random testing">Random testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Regression_testing" title="Regression testing">Regression testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_testing" title="Security testing">Security testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_testing_(software)" title="Smoke testing (software)">Smoke testing (software)</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_performance_testing" title="Software performance testing">Software performance testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Stress_testing_(software)" title="Stress testing (software)">Stress testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolic_execution" title="Symbolic execution">Symbolic execution</a></li>

<li><a href="Test_automation" title="Test automation">Test automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Usability_testing" title="Usability testing">Usability testing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[x]-box<br>style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Black-box_testing" title="Black-box testing">Black-box testing</a>

<ul><li><a href="All-pairs_testing" title="All-pairs testing">All-pairs testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Exploratory_testing" title="Exploratory testing">Exploratory testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuzz_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzz testing">Fuzz testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Model-based_testing" title="Model-based testing">Model-based testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Scenario_testing" title="Scenario testing">Scenario testing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Grey-box_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey-box testing">Grey-box testing</a></li>

<li><a href="White-box_testing" title="White-box testing">White-box testing</a>

<ul><li><a href="API_testing" title="API testing">API testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Mutation_testing" title="Mutation testing">Mutation testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Static_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static testing">Static testing</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Graphical_user_interface_testing" title="Graphical user interface testing">Graphical user interface testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Manual_testing" title="Manual testing">Manual testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Pair_testing" title="Pair testing">Pair testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Soak_testing" title="Soak testing">Soak testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_reliability_testing" title="Software reliability testing">Software reliability testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Stress_testing" title="Stress testing">Stress testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_testing" title="Web testing">Web testing</a></li></ul>

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